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Principles of complex physiotherapy in a patient with multiple sclerosis in the context of the clinical course of the disease
HODÁČOVÁ, Barbora
The topic of the bachelor's thesis is the principles of complex physiotherapy of a patient with multiple sclerosis in the context of the clinical course of the disease. The aim of the thesis was to provide a comprehensive view of the given disease, from diagnosis to treatment, where I focused on the possibilities of therapy on a neurophysiological basis. Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease for which there is currently still no causal treatment. As patients are often without clinical symptoms in the first years after diagnosis, they have the idea that they do not need to rush into long-term treatment. However, it has been proven that the only prevention of permanent neurological impairment is early diagnosis and almost immediate initiation of treatment, an integral part of which is physiotherapy. Together with pharmacotherapy and regimen measures, they give patients the opportunity to maintain a quality life. The practical part of this work was processed as qualitative research in the form of three case studies. More than one method of obtaining purposeful data has been used, the first was an analysis of the entire medical documentation, followed by an interview with the patient and taking a complete medical history, and finally a kinesiological examination was carried out. To evaluate the results of the four-month therapy an output kinesiology analysis was performed, which was compared with the input. From the results of the research, it was evident that therapies based on neurophysiology have the greatest impact in rehabilitation care. Since all three patients had difficulty with standing titubation, the therapy was partly directed at balance training using sensorimotor stimulation. Patients rated subjectively this concept as the most beneficial. Since the therapy was focused on all clinical symptoms comprehensively, the patients took away not only the possibilities of new exercise, but they got also educated about the correct movement stereotypes during normal daily activities in order to improve the overall state of health. The bachelor's thesis can serve as an inspiration for physiotherapists, what can be used in patients with multiple sclerosis and how to proceed in rehabilitation.
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Circadian changes of the cholinergic system in various areas of the central nervous system
Křížová, Monika ; Mysliveček, Jaromír (advisor) ; Jakubík, Jan (referee)
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors type 4 are one of the five subtypes of metabotropic muscarinic receptors whose knockout led to disruption of the biorhythm represented by locomotion in female mice. In this thesis, we attempted to determine the biorhythmic activity of selected components of the cholinergic system in structures of the central nervous system which are suspected to regulate circadian locomotion. These selected structures were the striatum, motor cortex, thalamus, intergeniculate leaflet, subparaventricular zone and posterior hypothalamic area. Changes of muscarinic receptor density in wild type and M4 receptor knockout female mice were measured by using autoradiography throughout the day. In the striatum, motor cortex, and thalamus, the density of muscarinic receptors type 1 and the activity of acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterases were also measured by autoradiography and the Ellman's method. Rhythmic oscillations of muscarinic receptor density were observed in all structures selected in both types of mice. The main brain structure responsible for the differences in the biological rhythm of wild type and M4 receptor knockout mice was identified as the striatum and motor cortex region, where the percentage of M4 receptors was highest. Diurnal oscillations were also exhibited by...
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Importance of particular regions of CNS in the development of opioid addiction
Vyvadilová, Tereza ; Hejnová, Lucie (advisor) ; Roubalová, Lenka (referee)
Opiods are used as the most powerful painkillers in the medicine. The mechanism of their effect is determined by binding to the opioids receptors located in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The opioids have high potential to develop addiction. Significance of psychical addiction belongs to losing control above using and compulsive desire to obtain drug of abuse to achieve certain psychical state. The somatic part is increase tolerance demonstrating need of dose increasing to achieve required effect. This thesis summarizes knowledge about particular regions of the central nervous system which participate on developing of addiction as ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, locus coeruleus, ventral pallidum and amygdala. It seems that main role in developing of addiction acts the mesolimbic reward system which relates with increased release of dopamine resulting in stimulation of the brain reward system.
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Role of M4 muscarinic receptors in the central nervous system
Křížová, Monika ; Mysliveček, Jaromír (advisor) ; Slepička, Jakub (referee)
Muscarinic receptors type 4 are one of the five subtypes of muscarinic receptors, that are members of cholinergic receptors family, together with nicotinic receptors. An acetylcholine binding on the receptor triggers the receptor activation and the signal transmission into the cell by G-proteins located on plasmatic membrane, in the case of muscarinic receptors type 4 by Gi/o proteins. The M4 receptors are, just like other subtypes on muscarinic receptors, located in central and peripheral nervous system. In the central nervous system, they are mostly located in striatum and hippocampus. The M4 receptors have a whole range of regulative functions, the most significant one is most likely the regulation of a locomotion in striatum by the dopaminergic system. The muscarinic receptors type 4 are involved in many behavioural and cognitive processes and are therefore studied as potential drug target for the treatment of mental disorders. Key words: muscarinic receptors, M4 muscarinic receptors, GPCRs, cholinergic system, central nervous system
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Role of M4 muscarinic receptors in the central nervous system
Křížová, Monika ; Mysliveček, Jaromír (advisor) ; Slepička, Jakub (referee)
Muscarinic receptors type 4 are one of the five subtypes of muscarinic receptors, that are members of cholinergic receptors family, together with nicotinic receptors. An acetylcholine binding on the receptor triggers the receptor activation and the signal transmission into the cell by G-proteins located on plasmatic membrane, in the case of muscarinic receptors type 4 by Gi/o proteins. The M4 receptors are, just like other subtypes on muscarinic receptors, located in central and peripheral nervous system. In the central nervous system, they are mostly located in striatum and hippocampus. The M4 receptors have a whole range of regulative functions, the most significant one is most likely the regulation of a locomotion in striatum by the dopaminergic system. The muscarinic receptors type 4 are involved in many behavioural and cognitive processes and are therefore studied as potential drug target for the treatment of mental disorders. Key words: muscarinic receptors, M4 muscarinic receptors, GPCRs, cholinergic system, central nervous system
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Biological changers of CNS caused by trauma
Maulenová, Kristýna ; Šivicová, Gabriela (advisor) ; Kulišťák, Petr (referee)
This thesis focuses on traumatic brain injury and its negative impact on both the brain as a whole and component brain structures. The first two chapters of the theoretical part summarize the information of the anatomy and functions of central nervous system and the most common causes of traumas and its characteristics. The crucial part of the thesis consists of the psychological consequences of traumas arranged according to brain lobe that plays the major role in a clinical manifestation of impaired functions. The thesis also sums up the field of neurodiagnotics and mentions some concrete methods that are being used when dealing with patients after traumas. The last chapter of the theoretical part deals with possibilities and examples of neurorehabilitation as well as factors which are involved in the prognosis of the posttraumatic condition. A part of this chapter also pays attention to the brain plasticity. The last two chapters in this segment refer to other literature from this field. The empirical part presents the research proposal of changes of the brain parts that are involved in facial emotion recognition among TBI patients. The research tools are Ekman 60 Faces Test and an imaging technique SPECT. Key words: Central nervous system, brain lobes, neurodiagnostics, psychological...
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Role of glial cells in the immune response of mice infected by neurotropic fluke Trichobilharzia regenti
Macháček, Tomáš ; Panská, Lucie (advisor) ; Kopecký, Jan (referee)
A central nervous system (CNS) can be invaded by plenty of parasites, including parasitic helminths. Host's immune response during such infections includes not only participation of peripheral lymphocytes, but also astrocytes and microglia, resident glial cells present in the CNS. Activation of astrocytes and microglia has been recently demonstrated also in mice infected by neurotropic avian trematode Trichobilharzia regenti (Digenea: Schistosomatidae) for which mammals represent accidental hosts. The parasite does not mature in them and elicits development of inflammatory reaction in the CNS which may take part in parasite's destruction. Employing in vitro experiments, this thesis aimed at evaluation of the possible role of astrocytes and microglia in murine immune response to T. regenti. For this purpose, primary astrocyte and microglia culture preparations were established and the cells were then stimulated by antigens of T. regenti (homogenate of transformed cercariae, recombinant cathepsins B1.1 and B2). After that, production of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1 beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha) was measured. The results revealed that in vitro stimulated astrocytes and microglia increase production of nitric oxide, IL-6 and TNF-alpha. Such response to parasite's antigens could influence...
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The effect of hypothermia on outcome and neurologic injury after prolonged cardiac arrest treated by emergency preservation and delayed resuscitation
Drábek, Tomáš ; Jech, Robert (advisor) ; Hess, Ladislav (referee) ; Mareš, Jan (referee)
5 Summary: Currently, the outcomes from traumatic exsanguination cardiac arrest (CA) show that over 50% of deaths due to trauma occur at the scene, where medical care is limited. Less than 10% of patients who become pulseless from trauma survive. However, in an appropriate setting, some of those traumatic injuries could be surgically repairable. Emergency preservation and resuscitation (EPR) is a novel approach for resuscitation of exsanguination CA victims. EPR uses deep hypothermic preservation for prolonged CA to buy time for transport, damage control surgery, and delayed resuscitation with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Initially, we used a dog model to maximize clinical relevance. We showed that the efficacy of EPR is related to the depth of hypothermia and duration of CA. Pharmacologic adjuncts tested to augment hypothermia generally failed. Extended hemorrhagic shock did not prevent the success of EPR vs. conventional resuscitation if extended post-resuscitative hypothermia was provided. Oxygenation of the flush allowed extending of survivable duration of deep hypothermic CA. Because of the lack of molecular tools available for use in dogs, we developed a rat EPR model to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying deep hypothermic neuroprotection to allow us to define specific targets for...
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Importance of particular regions of CNS in the development of opioid addiction
Vyvadilová, Tereza ; Hejnová, Lucie (advisor) ; Roubalová, Lenka (referee)
Opiods are used as the most powerful painkillers in the medicine. The mechanism of their effect is determined by binding to the opioids receptors located in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. The opioids have high potential to develop addiction. Significance of psychical addiction belongs to losing control above using and compulsive desire to obtain drug of abuse to achieve certain psychical state. The somatic part is increase tolerance demonstrating need of dose increasing to achieve required effect. This thesis summarizes knowledge about particular regions of the central nervous system which participate on developing of addiction as ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, locus coeruleus, ventral pallidum and amygdala. It seems that main role in developing of addiction acts the mesolimbic reward system which relates with increased release of dopamine resulting in stimulation of the brain reward system.
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Inhibitors of axonal regeneration and their importance for neuroplasticity, behaviour and memory
Vojtěchová, Iveta ; Petrásek, Tomáš (advisor) ; Hock, Miroslav (referee)
The central nervous system of higher vertebrates, in contrast to the peripheral one, doesn't regenerate. That is because of the presence of many growth inhibitors produced by a glial scar and oligodendrocytes; the most important inhibitors are MAG (myelin-associated glycoprotein), OMgp (oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein) and mainly Nogo protein. Nogo-A is one of three isoforms of the Nogo protein located primarily in the brain and the spinal cord where it causes the degradation of growth cones, inhibits the growth of neurites, restricts the neuroplasticity and prevents the regeneration of injured axons in adulthood. The Nogo receptor complex serves for a reception of signals and the following signal cascade causes the destabilisation of actin filaments. There are also other receptors for Nogo-A, e. g. the PirB receptor. During the development, Nogo-A is highly expressed by neurons but in adulthood, the main producers are oligodendrocytes. It is noteworthy, that neuronal expression of Nogo-A doesn't decrease after birth in structures with high plasticity, e. g. in the hippocampus which is important especially for spatial learning and memory. In the hippocampus, Nogo-A keeps a balance between the synaptic plasticity and stability and restricts the long-term potentiation. Therefore, this bachelor's thesis...
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